Dietary Sodium Tied to New-Onset Diabetes Risk



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Dietary Sodium Tied to New-Onset Diabetes Risk


 Most of us might equate type 2 diabetes with too much sugar, but a recent Swedish study found that risk of developing diabetes correlated to salt intake in the country’s population.
Lead researcher Bahareh Rasouli, PhD, presented his findings that a diet high in sodium was linked to increased insulin resistance at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes meeting. Development of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) was also tied to higher salt content, he and his team discovered.
“In the European population, the prevalence (or LADA) is from 5 percent to 10 percent of all diabetes patients in adulthood,” Rasouli told MedPage Today. “And some of the diabetes patients, at the beginning, they’re misdiagnosed with type 2 diabetes.”
The American Heart Association recommends individuals consume no more than six grams of salt per day

LISBON -- Those consuming high levels of sodium may be at greater risk for developing new-onset diabetes in adults, a new study found.
Among the Swedish population, the risk for type 2 diabetes was associated with consuming a diet high in sodium (OR per gr/day; 1.43, 95% CI; 1.09-1.88), according to lead author Bahareh Rasouli, PhD, of the Institute of Environmental Medicine at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.

The findings were presented at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes meeting.
Also, development of LADA -- latent autoimmune diabetes in adults -- was tied to a high-sodium diet (OR 1.73 for each gram per day, 95% CI 1.23-2.43).
The risk was even greater among the highest tertile of daily sodium intake (≥2,870 mg/day) versus the lowest (≤2,354 mg/day), with an odds ratio of 2.19 (95% CI 1.33-3.61).
According to current recommendations from the American Heart Association, individuals should not consume more than 2,400 mg of sodium per day (6 grams of salt).
High-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes increased the risk for LADA even further among patients on high-sodium diets, the researchers indicated (OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.87-8.01).
"In the European population, the prevalence [of LADA] is from 5% to 10% of all diabetes patients in adulthood. And some of the diabetes patients, at the beginning, they're misdiagnosed with type 2 diabetes patients," Rasouli explained to MedPage Today, adding that testing of autoimmunity indicators is required to screen for the disorder. "And they need to be treated by insulin -- metformin is not enough for them."
Although the risk factors and underlying mechanisms linked to LADA risk are largely unknown, Rasouli suggested that sodium consumption in excess may prompt an autoimmune reaction due to an increased production of pro-inflammatory cells.
Her group drew on participant data from the Swedish-based ESTRID study of people with type 2 diabetes (n=1,136) and LADA (n=355), and a similar number of matched controls. Adjusted with the nutrition density method, sodium intake was calculated based off a self-reported food frequency survey.
Other significantly related characteristics of participants in the highest tertile of daily sodium intake -- above the recommended daily guidelines -- compared to the lowest included a higher intake of processed meats, lower intake of fruits/vegetables, and higher likelihood of being physically inactive (P≤0.0019 for all comparisons).
Regarding future studies, Rasouli said her group plans to assess the genetic interaction with diet, particularly at the relationship with sodium, coffee, and other lifestyle-related dietary factors. She also stated plans to further analyze the interaction reported in the current study, specifically to look at the relationship between a high susceptibility to certain genes and high-risk lifestyle factors versus a lower-risk population


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